Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[9]. The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. The doctrine of the White Lotus includes an alleged forecast to the advent of the Buddha. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. Bailianjiao (www.chinaknowledge.de) Althongh there were several risings against the Manchu dynasty during the first four reigns, the White Lotus Society kept quiet until about 1761, when the Emperor Kien-lung issued an edict against it and the Ming Tsuen or Illustrious Worthies and the Pah Yun or White Cloud sects. "Broken Passage to the Summit: Nayanchengs Botched Mission in the White Lotus War." [citation needed], For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10, "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 17961805", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Lotus_Rebellion&oldid=1139241640, Dai, Yingcong. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). 11-07-2011 03:30:12 ZULU. Kublai Khan The balance of power had tipped decidedly away from the imperial court and toward the foreign powers. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. Qing rule gradually collapsed during the second half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th, due to a complicated interplay between internal and external factors. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). A White Lotus rebellion known as the Red Turban Uprising helped Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming dynasty, capture Beijing, but he turned against the group once he had achieved imperial power. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. Encyclopedia.com. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). Omissions? After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. Ordinary Han Chinese felt little loyalty to the Qing rulers, who still presented themselves as conquering Manchus from the north. An introduction to 19th-century China | British Museum Exploring Chinese History :: Politics :: Rebellion and Revolution The dynasty had to resort to a strategy of removing all food supplies from the countryside and collecting the peasants into a series of armed stockades. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[6]. This took place during the Qing Dynasty, and lasted from 1796 to 1804. White Lotus Rebellion | Military Wiki | Fandom J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. Asia for Educators, Columbia University, 2009. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent . Chien-lung It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. ", in, Zhang Shucai (1992). (2020, August 27). An independent military force, the militia proved difficult to disband, and frequently it turned against the dynasty in the early 20th century. [6] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. If mathematical, chemical, physical and other formulas are not displayed correctly on this page, please useFirefox or Safari, For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Conscientious objection to military taxation, List of historical acts of tax resistance, National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee, The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest, Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty, Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet, Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, Banknotes of the Ta-Ching Government Bank, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912. In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. Sun Yat-Sen emerged as China's first "professional" revolutionary, having gained an international reputation by being abducted by Qing agents in the Chinese Embassy in London in 1896. In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. [12] The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. The White Lotus Rebellion - Home Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. In the late 18th century, in response to famine, crowded conditions, and harassment from petty government officials, White Lotus leaders in central China began a rebellion; they promised their followers that there would be the return of the Buddha and the end of suffering. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). . Inventions The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus. White Lotus Dental - Frisco, TX - Nextdoor 22 Feb. 2023 . What should be done with these revolutionary cultists? Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. This rebellion grew rapidly under Lin Chi-hieh and other leaders, oue of whom was a woman surnamed Wang, until there were a hundred thousand rebels in arms, who fought with varying fortune against an at least equal number of imperialist solidiers. On assuming effective power in 1799, however, Emperor Chia Ch'ing (reigned 17961820) overthrew the Ho-shen clique and gave support to the efforts of the more vigorous Manchu commanders as a way of restoring discipline and morale. [citation needed]. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. Chien-lung | Encyclopedia.com https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608 (accessed March 4, 2023). Save up to $6,685 on one of 9 used Lotus Evora 400s in Frisco, TX. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. [6], The Qing commanders sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. Completely unprepared for such an onslaught, the Qing dynasty lost, and Britain imposed unequal treaties and took control of the Hong Kong region, along with millions of pounds of silver to compensate the British for the lost opium. - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China, - the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces, - was initiated as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." Here, the White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. In its last stage, the Ch'ing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. Sikh uprisings against the Mughal Empire in India, Pugachev's Revolt in the Russian Empire, and the White Lotus Rebellion in China mirrored the rebellions in the Atlantic world. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. 3: China and Her National Minorities; Han. A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. - marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. During much of that time, China was the single, undisputed superpower in East Asia, with neighboring lands such as Korea, Vietnam, and an often-reluctant Japan trailing in its cultural wake. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government in 1804, it marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. 5 recommendations for White Lotus Dental from neighbors in Frisco, TX. With its weaknesses exposed, China began to lose power over its peripheral regions. The young pretender, Wang Fa-sheng, was never any other than a puppet in the hands of the leaders. Southern Shensi, with its great amounts of vacant land, attracted immigrants on a large scale after severe famines and crop failures had occurred in Hupeh and Szechwan provinces in the 1770s. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol -led Yuan dynasty. Red Turban Rebellion | Military Wiki | Fandom Rather, it consisted of uncoordinated roving bands using hit-and-run guerrilla tactics. (February 22, 2023). Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). XIX Century Civil Wars. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Imperial forces. Main article: White Lotus Rebellion Beginning in 1794, two decades after Wang Lun's failed uprising, a movement also arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan from Hubei and Shaanxi in central China as tax protests. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. In 1775, a chief of the White Lotus Society, named Liu Sung, was banished from Anhwei to Kansuh after sending people to the area under pretext of healing diseases by prayer and incantation, to gain adherents to his cause in Western China. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. In 1896, Yan Fu translated Herbert Spencer's treatises on social Darwinism. The History of White Lotus Rebellion - Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. This signaled the beginning of the end for the Qing dynasty. Led by Lin Qing (; 1770-1813) and Li Wencheng, the revolt occurred in the Zhili, Shandong, and Henan provinces of China. Social uprisings against the Qing began with the White Lotus uprising in 17961820. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. In particular, the court marked itself off from its subjects in certain religious, linguistic, ritual, and social characteristics, always presenting themselves as outside conquerors. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. . White Lotus - Wikipedia The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . He simply and quietly disappeared. After both died in battle in 1796, Beijing sent new officials but none were successful. [11], The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. Updates? - the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion in 1805 using a combination of military and social policies. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. By 1900, foreign powers including Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan had established "spheres of influence" along China's coastal areas. Alternate titles: Bailianjiao, Pai-lien chiao, San Jos State University - The White Lotus Religion in China. White Lotus Rebellion | Chinese history | Britannica [1] As White Lotus sects developed, they appealed to many Han Chinese who found solace in the worship of Wusheng Laomu . It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion.". The White Lotus Rebellion began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. dreamhomesoftexas on Instagram: POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. Qing Dynasty, China's Last Imperial Family, The Boxer Rebellion in Editorial Cartoons, Biography of Sun Yat-sen, Chinese Revolutionary Leader, The Fall of the Ming Dynasty in China in 1644, Tibet and China: History of a Complex Relationship, The Complex Structure of Ethnic Conflict in the Frontier: Through the Debates Around the 'Jindandao Incident' in 1891, The Monarch and Inner/Outer Court Dualism in Late Imperial China, 'Revolution': Conceptualizing Political and Social Change in the Late Qing Dynasty, Moving to the Right Place at the Right Time: Economic Effects on Migrants of the Manchuria Plague of 191011, Size and Dynastic Decline: The Principal-Agent Problem in Late Imperial China, 17001850. The Rebellion is estimated to have caused the deaths of some 100,000 rebels.[1][2]. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion that occurred during the Qing Dynasty of China. In the period after about 1680 the introduction of corn (maize) and sweet potatoes, followed in the 18th century by the introduction of the Irish potato, made upland farming possible. After more than 2,000 years, though, Chinese imperial power under the last Chinese dynasty was about to collapse for good. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. [3] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. Corrections? The White Lotus is a syncretic religious and political movement which forecasts the imminent advent of the "King of Light" , i.e., the future Buddha Maitreya. Eventually, the Qing armies and the peasants united, but they were unable to defeat the foreign powers. Talking about Yuan's decline and fall, you should learn something about White Lotus Society. Dimitri Vegas, Steve Aoki The White Lotus Theme (Aloha!) [6], A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. By that time, however, the regular government forces were too ridden with corruption to be of any use. Snow Lotus | Frisco TX - Facebook A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. This Liu Chi-hieh set up a youth named Wang Fa-sheng, whom he represented to be a member of the Chu family and a descendant of the Ming emperors, as the rightful sovereign of the people. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. "Rebellion and Religious Identity: The Case of the White Lotus Uprising (17961804)", This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10. The Red Turban Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Hngjn Qy) was an uprising influenced by the White Lotus Society members that, between 1351 and 1368, targeted the ruling Yuan Dynasty of China, eventually leading to its overthrowing. Grandmother. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Although the rebellion continued for nine years, it never became an organized attempt to establish a new dynasty.
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