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Copyright 2003 - 2023 - UKEssays is a trading name of Business Bliss Consultants FZE, a company registered in United Arab Emirates. (As at December 2020). The History of Christianity in West Africa. Despite the skills and opportunities mission schooling afforded, many Africans were not willing to pay the price. PDF Missions, Education and Conversion in Colonial Africa Although there were many disagreements between European missionaries and African populations, antagonising polygamy is probably the best-documented norm conflict. Although the aim of the traders was to practice commerce Therefore, whether through their rigid educational polices or lack thereof, colonial governments contributed to the poor education, though there is no denying that missionaries also contributed to the quality of education to a great extent. The Essay Writing ExpertsUK Essay Experts. Find below a list of mission schools that still exist in Ghana today. The work of the Basel Missionary Society was taken over with the consent of the Basel Mission Home Board by the United Free Church of Scotland whose ecclesiastical organization was Presbyterian. Prior to the advent of western education, Ghana's traditional social structures had inbuilt opportunities for mobility. Debate Speech: Religion Has Failed Society, A Speech Outlining the Achievements and Problems of Your School, 7 Factors Accounting for the Shortage of Capital In West Africa, The Resurrection of Jesus According to Marks Gospel. This instruction in 1948 developed into the University College in Ibadan. This conditioning was focused on norms that missionaries deemed incompatible with a Christian way of life. It is important to emphasize that the modern history of the Christian Mission in Africa started from the late Eighteenth Century, the Catholics had been there earlier in the first centuries of the Christian era especially during the first Portuguese adventures. J. C. Taylor, in these parts of southern Nigeria can still be seen today. A special memorial Mass was celebrated at the Holy Spirit Cathedral in Accra, Ghana, on Oct. 9. Waterville Pub. It is one of the oldest continuously published periodicals by and about Black people. The struggle over polygamy is well-known to historians and anthropologists. In Nigeria, one of the lasting works of the C.M.S missionaries was the development of literature in Yoruba. Call: +233558280780, Your email address will not be published. However, the early missionaries established medical centres, at first at their mission posts, and later far and wide, to attend to the sick. The Journal of Negro Education (JNE), a refereed scholarly periodical, was founded at Howard University in 1932 to fill the need for a scholarly journal that would identify and define the problems that characterized the education of Black people in the United States and elsewhere, provide a forum for analysis and solutions, and serve as a vehicle for sharing statistics and research on a national basis. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'cegastacademy_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_15',609,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-cegastacademy_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0');The European missionaries began their activities in Ghana as far back as the early fifteenth century. Renewed evangelisation started when the Basel (later known as Presbyterian) missionaries started work at Osu (Accra). We've received widespread press coverage since 2003, Your UKEssays purchase is secure and we're rated 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk. For instance, in Nigeria in 2006, approximately only 51.2% of primary school teachers of either gender were trained as teachers, and the enrolment rate in primary education for both genders in 2000 stood at about 62.7%, compared to 99.5% in Canada (UN Data 2010). His funeral Mass was Sept. 27, followed by burial at St. Mary Cemetery at Techny. Samuel Adu-Gyamfi And Benjamin Kye Ampadu, Ajayi, J..F.A and Michael Crowder History of West Africa. These missionary societies laid the foundations of the Roman Catholic Church in West Africa, which lasted through to the independence period when African clergy replaced the white pastors. In spite of all this, with the advent of the First World War in 1914 in the Kwaku District there were 21 congregations with a total of over 2500 members. EVANGELICAL MOVEMENTS AND MISSIONARY SOCIETIES IN THE ENGLISH COLONIES. In Nigeria, one of the lasting works of the C.M.S. These included the Baptist missionaries who under the American evangelist, Thomas Bowen, started work from Ogbomosho in 1855. These contradictions are surprisingly absent from contemporary research. In 1892, the Church Missionary Society opened the Iyi Enu Hospital in Onitsha which is today a leading hospital in Anambra state. For the West Africans, the acceptance of Christianity meant the total rejection of most of the cherished institutions upon which their society rested. Learn how your comment data is processed. One is led to ask, why this sudden development? In line with this, formal education in Ghana was started by the western traders and the missionaries by the 15th century through the 18th century respectively. faceless characters 1991. One reason why the Christian missionaries came to Ghana and the rest of Africa was to convert the people to the Christian faith. These missionaries saw death in the course of their evangelizing work as a means to ascend to heavenly glory. The common response among traditionally polygamous people is well illustrated by a passage in Jomo Kenyattas famous book on the Gikuyu in colonial Kenya: This [the insistence on monogamy] caused a great confusion, for the African could not understand how he could drive away his wives and children, especially in a community where motherhood is looked upon as a religious duty; the children are regarded as part and parcel, not only of the father, but of the whole clan (mbari), and without them the mbari is lost. As Ayandele points out (1966:285), the ideal of many of the missions was to make their converts live literally as the unlearned and ignorant apostles of old. This ideal, combined with the fact that many missionaries discovered that Africans with only basic education were best at spreading the Gospel, meant that missionaries were reluctant to provide higher primary or secondary education (Ayandele 1966:286). This study simply offers systematic, long-term evidence of it. In 1910, a prominent report of the World Missionary Conference concluded: [T]here can be no question of polygamy. Containing 9,566 pages belonging to 77 documents housed in 6 volumes As outlined in the short history entitled. The study examines the historical foundations of Western education in Meru and factors that influenced its development. self help A history of Christianity in Ghana. Not only did mission education strengthen colonial rule, but it also weakened traditional societies and implemented poor standards of Western education. Many Ghanaian communities got divided along religious lines. Missionaries and the intellectual history of Africa: a historical survey. Itinerario 7, no. Another missionary whose memory is revered in Nigeria was Mary Slessor, she arrived in the country in 1876, and for many years worked assiduously as a missionary nurse. For example, they preached against human sacrifice. Lewis, Donald M., ed. The Christian missionaries of different missionary societies made a tremendous contribution to education in South Africa. station in 1858, it was not until 1889 that the missionaries entered Hausaland, which was predominantly Muslim. church were founded in south-eastern Nigeria, the chief centres being Bonny and Brass. senior high school economics Missionaries travelled through dense evergreen forests, crossed rivers and climbed mountains to bring the Gospel to as many Ghanaians as they could. In 1902 the Methodists opened a clinic at Igbo-Ora. The country has diverse geography, people groups, and languageswith English as the common language, and more than 11 others with state recognition. In 2011 at age 77, he retired from teaching and returned to the United States. They therefore set about to achieve this through introduction of formal education among the Batswana people. He worked zealously as an evangelist and schoolmaster in the Castle School until his death in 1816. The system was devoid of any cohesive national policy. Also the missionaries set up model farms where scientific agriculture was taught and new crops were introduced for the people, to go alongside longstanding indigenous production. The Journal of Negro Education (JNE), a scholarly refereed journal, was founded at Howard University in 1932. wassce literature questions. PDF Challenges of Technical and Vocational Education and Training and cited in Miran 2002:128). Within a short time the missionaries spread their activities inland. better grades Besides being an online tutor, Ralph is an author and expert digital marketer with proven skills in SEO content writing. Another reason why the Europeans came to spread the Christian religion in Ghana was to pave their own way into eternal glory. Father Vincent Burke SVD, 83, recipient of Ghanas Officer of the Order of Volta Award, passed away at Techny, Ill., on Sept. 21. In short, the impact of teaching in the vernacular was more negative than positive, as it reinforced colonial rule and no doubt did very little to preserve native cultural identities, seeing as missionaries promoted European languages as superior and only used the vernacular because conversion and religious instruction were such high priorities. These Christian converts considered themselves to be holier than their traditional rulers and elders. Preventive medicine was hardly known; the result was that epidemics of different kinds were frequent. History 1 (1971): 103-115. Prominent among the early Christian missionaries to come to the Gold Coast (Ghana) were the Roman Catholic, Methodist, Basel, Bremen and Anglican missions. We must not lose sight of the fact that the colonial government in Ghana and elsewhere in Africa relied on the activities of the missionaries to help them achieve the objectives of colonial rule. In 1876 the college became associated with Durham University in England, which awarded degrees to students of the college. The Wesleyan and Basel missionaries established schools in Cape Coast, Accra . Your email address will not be published. This Western education imparted to the Ameru by the Church of Scotland Missionaries, Consolata . On the opposite side, the coming of the Christian missionaries brought in its wake certain negative developments like disregard for African culture and rebellion against traditional authority. Soon after, in 1835 they moved up to Akropon on the hills in Akuapem, where the pioneer missionary the Rev. The others include the French trading posts at Grand Bassam (Ivory Coast), Assinie and Libreville in Gabon. Almost all the missions in West Africa faced financial problems in the early stages of their missionary work. In 1989-90, the government banned the activities of several religious organizations, including the Church. In 1880, two Roman Catholic priests of the Society of African Missions (S.M.A. Missionaries continued to be the main providers of education even after colonial powers established control during the so-called Scramble for Africa which occurred between 1884-1914. Following agitation by the people in 1934, the government opened the old Yaba Higher College and Medical School, which awarded diplomas acceptable only locally. Before 1925, there were only three secondary schools and three teacher training colleges in Ghana. Another important Catholic missionary in this area was the Irishman, Bishop Shanahan. Often drumming and the harmless songs and dances of the people were condemned. Reiterating what teacher education must encapsulate, Adegoke (2003) and Benneh (2006) indi-cated that the mission of Ghana's teacher education is to pro- The consequences of norm conflicts are likely to manifest beyond educational pursuit. Soon after secondary schools were opened in other parts of southern Nigeria, including Bonny High School, which was taken over by government in 1904. Your email address will not be published. They were closed down in 1852 in favour of schools opened in Lagos which, in 1851, had one time British control. By 1885, the church had spread further inland, thanks to Father Joseph Lutz who started work around Onitsha in 1886 and spread the gospel in many parts of the present day Imo and Anambra States. NUUT Co. Ltd. Kumasi, Ghana, 2011, Baarkinado. I compared data on the historical locations of mission stations since 1924, in 26 sub-Saharan countries with recent education data between 2008 and 2018. Sign in to view the collection. In this respect the Christian religion therefore differed from the traditional religions of West Africa, which along with an acceptance of one Supreme Being worshipped a hierarchy of gods. Etherington, Norman. The problems created by the white missionaries themselves arose largely from a misconception of what Africa represented. In 1880, two Roman Catholic priests of the Society of African Missions (S.M.A. Clarke, Peter Bernard. The agricultural schools the missions ran would have been even more advantageous to the colonial governments considering the discouragement of local industries that might have competed with the motherland. Properly meant by Anglo-Saxon standards. When he arrived in Nkwatia-Kwahu to teach English at St. Peters Secondary School, the town had yet to benefit from electricity and running water. These new movements considered such ventures to be their contribution to Europes reparation for centuries of exploitation of Africans, reparation for the centuries of exploitation which the Trans Atlantic slave trade had caused to African society. Some earlier scholarship on mission education has taken this as a positive impact of the missionaries. opened, in Freetown, the first boys secondary school in the country and another for girls in 1849, later renamed the Annie Walsh Memorial School. Thus, because of the motive of proselytization, unqualified teachers, and inter-denominational rivalry, missions frequently provided poor education. However, attending mission schools also meant exposure to colonial indoctrination. university courses The Missionary Role on The Gold Coast and In Ashanti: Reverend F.a Now, with the burgeoning Cocoa industry, the expansion of commercial activity, the development of gold mines and the building of roads and railways disturbed the traditional lifestyle. The mission schools trained Africans to be able to work as translators, messengers and office clerks for the colonial government. That missionaries used the vernacular illustrates the fact that missionaries were principally evangelists, and that they considered their other roles, including their role as educators, as less important. A new attempt to spread Christianity was made when the Church Missionary Society (CMS) arrived from Britain in 1821. What would have happened if missionaries had not insisted on monogamy? Metadata. Both the academic and vocational forms of education the missions provided served to strengthen the rule of the colonial powers, so that the native inhabitants were second-class citizens in their own land. Thus missionaries, by imparting education that promoted dependence on colonial rule, arguably contributed to the political instability that continues in the present day in many former African colonies, such as Kenya and Eritrea. These included the Basel Missionary Society, founded in Switzerland, and the Breman Mission formed in Germany. Here you can choose which regional hub you wish to view, providing you with the most relevant information we have for your specific region. Today almost all of the population is Presbyterian, although the ancestral royal cult and many spirit cults still flourish. It is possible to hear the tune of this missionary hymn. African poetry In the Gambia, the Methodist missionary and first principal of what later became known as the Gambia High School, the Rev. Finally, education affects many other aspects of peoples lives, including economic opportunities and political attitudes. They had to speak through few interpreters who did not have sufficient education to interpret correctly. which were for females (Graham, 1971). Christianity in West Africa: The Nigerian Story. By February 2, 1918, all Basel missionaries had been deported from the Gold Coast. quiz The latter, non-academic form of education provided by the missions has stimulated much interest among scholars, who are particularly interested in the failure of many of these schools and the hypocritical government support for the schools, seeing as the import of cheap goods from the mother countries caused many vocational school graduates, such as seamstresses, to be unemployed (Ayandele 1966:296; Foster 1965:134).

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